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Linux

CompTIA Linux+ (XK0-004) Certification Study Guide, Exam Q&A

Exam Codes : XK0-004
Launch Date : April 2, 2019
Exam Description : CompTIA Linux+ validates the skills of IT professionals with hands-on experience configuring, monitoring, and supporting servers running the Linux operating system. The new exam has an increased focus on the following topics: security, kernel modules, storage & virtualization, device management at an enterprise level, git & automation, networking & firewalls, server side & command line, server (vs. client-based) coverage, troubleshooting and SELinux.
Number of Questions: Maximum of 90 questions
Type of Questions : Performance-based, Multiple Choice (Single Response), Multiple Response and Fill-in-the-Blank
Length of Test : 90 Minutes
Passing Score : 720 (on a scale of 100 to 900)
Recommended Experience : CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+ and 12 months of Linux admin experience
Languages : English, Japanese, Portuguese and Spanish
Retirement
TBD – Usually three years after launch
Testing Provider Pearson VUE: Testing Centers: Online Testing

Official CompTIA Content (OCC) has been designed by CompTIA for the CompTIA certification candidate. Self-paced study guides are:

Reviewed extensively to ensure 100% coverage of the CompTIA exam objectives
Clearly written and structured
Flexible, so you can learn at any pace

Save With a Bundle
CompTIA Training bundles are a great way to continue your learning process in every stage of your exam preparation. Complement a study guide with popular training options. Two common ones are:

Product Details
Media type: Paperback print book or eBook
Audience: Self-paced individual learner
Publisher: CompTIA Learning
Language: English
Price: print book: $149, eBook: $139

What You’ll Learn
This Official CompTIA Linux+ Study Guide (XKO-004) was designed to help you acquire the knowledge for configuring, operating and troubleshooting Linux systems.

After reading this text, you will understand how to:
Perform basic Linux tasks
Manage users and group
Manage permissions and ownership
Manage storage
Manage files and directories
Manage kernel modules
Manage the Linux boot process
Manage system components
Manage devices
Manage networking
Manage packages and software
Secure Linux systems
Write and execute Bash shell scripts
Automate tasks
Plan and perform a Linux installation

Prerequisites
To learn with the Official CompTIA Linux+ Study Guide and prepare for your exam, you need to have the following:

CompTIA A+ certification
CompTIA Network+ certification
Have at least 12 months of Linux admin experience

The new CompTIA Linux+ is for the IT pro who will use Linux to manage everything from cars and smartphones to servers and supercomputers, as a vast number of enterprises use Linux in cloud, cybersecurity, mobile and web administration applications.

In the new CompTIA Linux+, candidates are only required to pass one exam for certification. However, the new certification is no longer eligible for the LPI 2-for-1 offer.

CompTIA Linux+ is the only job-focused Linux certification covering the latest foundational skills demanded by hiring managers.
Unlike other certifications, the new exam includes performance-based and multiple-choice questions to identify the employees who can do the job.
The exam covers tasks associated with all major distributions of Linux, setting the foundation for advanced vendor/distro-specific knowledge.

CompTIA Linux+ covers common tasks in major distributions of Linux, including the Linux command line, basic maintenance, installing and configuring workstations, and networking.

What Skills Will You Learn?

HARDWARE
Hardware & System Configuration
Configure kernel modules, network parameters, storage, cloud and virtualization technologies

WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS
System Operation & Maintenance
Manage software and services, and explain server roles, job scheduling, and the use and operation of Linux devices

SOFTWARE TROUBLESHOOTING
Security
Understand best practices for permissions and authentication, firewalls, and file management.

NETWORKING
Linux Troubleshooting & Diagnostics
Analyze system properties and processes and troubleshoot user, application and hardware issues

HARDWARE & NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING
Automation & Scripting
Execute basic BASH scripts, version control using Git, and orchestration processes
Jobs that use CompTIA Linux+
Linux Administrator
Network Administrator
Technical Support Specialist
Web Administrator
Systems Administrator

Renewal
Keep your certification up to date with CompTIA’s Continuing Education (CE) program. It’s designed to be a continued validation of your expertise and a tool to expand your skillset. It’s also the ace up your sleeve when you’re ready to take the next step in your career.

Get the most out of your certification
Information technology is an incredibly dynamic field, creating new opportunities and challenges every day. Participating in our Continuing Education program will enable you to stay current with new and evolving technologies and remain a sought-after IT and security expert.

The CompTIA Continuing Education program
Your CompTIA Linux+ certification is good for three years from the date of your exam. The CE program allows you to extend your certification in three-year intervals through activities and training that relate to the content of your certification.

It’s easy to renew
You can participate in a number of activities and training programs, including higher certifications, to renew your CompTIA Linux+ certification. Collect at least 50 Continuing Education Units (CEUs) in three years and upload them to your certification account, and your CompTIA Linux+ certification will automatically renew.

Want more details? Learn more about the CompTIA Continuing Education program.

QUESTION 1
Which of the following would be the BEST solution for a systems administrator to access the graphical user environment of a Linux machine remotely?

A. VNC
B. KDE
C. X11
D. RPC

Answer: A

QUESTION 2
A technical support engineer receives a ticket from a user who is trying to create a 1KB file in the /tmp directory and is getting the following error:
No space left on device.
The support engineer checks the / tmp directory, and it has 20GB of free space.
Which of the following BEST describes a possible cause for this error?

A. The /tmp directory is not mounted.
B. The filesystem is formatted with a 4MB block size.
C. the filesystem ran out of inodes.
D. The /tmp directory has been set with an immutable attribute.

Answer: C

QUESTION 3
Which of the following is the BEST reason for not storing database files in the /var directory?

A. The /var filesystem is not fast enough for database files.
B. The number of files in /var is limited by the available inodes.
C. Files in /var do not have strict file permissions.
D. If log files fill up /var, it might corrupt the database.

Answer: D

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Linux

010-160 Linux Essentials Certificate, version 1.6 Exam

Exam Objectives Version: Version 1.6

Exam Code: 010-160
About Objective Weights: Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights indicate the relative importance of each objective on the exam. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.

Topic 1: The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source
1.1 Linux Evolution and Popular Operating Systems
Weight: 2
Description: Knowledge of Linux development and major distributions.
Key Knowledge Areas:
Distributions
Embedded Systems
Linux in the Cloud

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
Debian, Ubuntu (LTS)
CentOS, openSUSE, Red Hat, SUSE
Linux Mint, Scientific Linux
Raspberry Pi, Raspbian
Android

1.2 Major Open Source Applications

Weight: 2

Description: Awareness of major applications as well as their uses and development.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Desktop applications
Server applications
Development languages
Package management tools and repositories

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

OpenOffice.org, LibreOffice, Thunderbird, Firefox, GIMP
Nextcloud, ownCloud
Apache HTTPD, NGINX, MariaDB, MySQL, NFS, Samba
C, Java, JavaScript, Perl, shell, Python, PHP
dpkg, apt-get, rpm, yum


1.3 Open Source Software and Licensing

Weight: 1

Description: Open communities and licensing Open Source Software for business.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Open source philosophy
Open source licensing
Free Software Foundation (FSF), Open Source Initiative (OSI)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Copyleft, Permissive
GPL, BSD, Creative Commons
Free Software, Open Source Software, FOSS, FLOSS
Open source business models


1.4 ICT Skills and Working in Linux

Weight: 2

Description: Basic Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills and working in Linux.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Desktop skills
Getting to the command line
Industry uses of Linux, cloud computing and virtualization

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Using a browser, privacy concerns, configuration options, searching the web and saving content
Terminal and console
Password issues
Privacy issues and tools
Use of common open source applications in presentations and projects

Topic 2: Finding Your Way on a Linux System
2.1 Command Line Basics

Weight: 3

Description: Basics of using the Linux command line.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Basic shell
Command line syntax
Variables
Quoting

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Bash
echo
history
PATH environment variable
export
type


2.2 Using the Command Line to Get Help

Weight: 2

Description: Running help commands and navigation of the various help systems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Man pages
Info pages

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

man
info
/usr/share/doc/
locate


2.3 Using Directories and Listing Files

Weight: 2

Description: Navigation of home and system directories and listing files in various locations.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Files, directories
Hidden files and directories
Home directories
Absolute and relative paths

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Common options for ls
Recursive listings
cd
. and ..
home and ~


2.4 Creating, Moving and Deleting Files

Weight: 2

Description: Create, move and delete files and directories under the home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Files and directories
Case sensitivity
Simple globbing

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

mv, cp, rm, touch
mkdir, rmdir

Topic 3: The Power of the Command Line
3.1 Archiving Files on the Command Line

Weight: 2

Description: Archiving files in the user home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Files, directories
Archives, compression

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

tar
Common tar options
gzip, bzip2, xz
zip, unzip


3.2 Searching and Extracting Data from Files

Weight: 3

Description: Search and extract data from files in the home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Command line pipes
I/O redirection
Basic Regular Expressions using ., [ ], *, and ?

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

grep
less
cat, head, tail
sort
cut
wc


3.3 Turning Commands into a Script

Weight: 4

Description: Turning repetitive commands into simple scripts.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Basic shell scripting
Awareness of common text editors (vi and nano)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

#! (shebang)
/bin/bash
Variables
Arguments
for loops
echo
Exit status

Topic 4: The Linux Operating System
4.1 Choosing an Operating System

Weight: 1

Description: Knowledge of major operating systems and Linux distributions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Differences between Windows, OS X and Linux
Distribution life cycle management

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

GUI versus command line, desktop configuration
Maintenance cycles, beta and stable


4.2 Understanding Computer Hardware

Weight: 2

Description: Familiarity with the components that go into building desktop and server computers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Hardware

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Motherboards, processors, power supplies, optical drives, peripherals
Hard drives, solid state disks and partitions, /dev/sd*
Drivers


4.3 Where Data is Stored

Weight: 3

Description: Where various types of information are stored on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Programs and configuration
Processes
Memory addresses
System messaging
Logging

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ps, top, free
syslog, dmesg
/etc/, /var/log/
/boot/, /proc/, /dev/, /sys/


4.4 Your Computer on the Network

Weight: 2

Description: Querying vital networking configuration and determining the basic requirements for a computer on a Local Area Network (LAN).

Key Knowledge Areas:

Internet, network, routers
Querying DNS client configuration
Querying network configuration

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

route, ip route show
ifconfig, ip addr show
netstat, ss
/etc/resolv.conf, /etc/hosts
IPv4, IPv6
ping
host

Topic 5: Security and File Permissions
5.1 Basic Security and Identifying User Types

Weight: 2

Description: Various types of users on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Root and standard users
System users

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group
id, last, who, w
sudo, su


5.2 Creating Users and Groups

Weight: 2

Description: Creating users and groups on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

User and group commands
User IDs

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group, /etc/skel/
useradd, groupadd
passwd


5.3 Managing File Permissions and Ownership

Weight: 2

Description: Understanding and manipulating file permissions and ownership settings.

Key Knowledge Areas:

File and directory permissions and ownership

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ls -l, ls -a
chmod, chown


5.4 Special Directories and Files

Weight: 1

Description: Special directories and files on a Linux system including special permissions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Using temporary files and directories
Symbolic links

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/tmp/, /var/tmp/ and Sticky Bit
ls -d
ln -s

Show employers that you have the foundational skills required for your next job or promotion.
Linux adoption continues to rise world-wide as individual users, government entities and industries ranging from automotive to space exploration embrace open source technologies. This expansion of open source in enterprise is redefining traditional Information and Communication Technology (ICT) job roles to require more Linux skills. Whether you’re starting your career in open source, or looking for advancement, independently verifying your skill set can help you stand out to hiring managers or your management team.

The Linux Essential educational certificate also serves as a great introduction to the more complete and advanced Linux Professional certification track.
Current Version: 1.6 (Exam code 010-160)
Objectives: 010-160
Prerequisites: There are no prerequisites for this certification
Requirements: Passing the Linux Essentials 010 exam
Validity Period: Lifetime
Cost: Click here for exam pricing in your country.
Languages: English, German, Japanese, Dutch, Portuguese (Brazilian), Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional).

To receive the Linux Essentials Certificate the candidate must:
have an understanding of the Linux and open source industry and knowledge of the most popular open source Applications;
understand the major components of the Linux operating system, and have the technical proficiency to work on the Linux command line; and
have a basic understanding of security and administration related topics such as user/group management, working on the command line, and permissions.

QUESTION 1
What are the differences between hard disk drives and solid state disks? (Choose two.)

A. Hard disks have a motor and moving parts, solid state disks do not.
B. Hard disks can fail due to physical damage, while solid state disks cannot fail.
C. Solid state disks can store many times as much data as hard disk drives.
D. /dev/sda is a hard disk device while /dev/ssda is a solid state disk.
E. Solid state disks provide faster access to stored data than hard disks.

Correct Answer: A,E

QUESTION 2
Reverse DNS assigns hostnames to IP addresses. How is the name of the IP address 198.51.100.165 stored on a DNS server?

A. In the A record for 165.100.51.198.ipv4.arpa.
B. In the PTR record for 165.100.51.198.in-addr.arpa.
C. In the RNAME record for 198-51-100-165.rev.arpa.
D. In the ARPA record for 165.100.51.198.rev.
E. In the REV record for arpa.in-addr.198.51.100.165.

Correct Answer: B

QUESTION 3
Which of the following types of bus can connect hard disk drives with the motherboard?

A. The RAM bus
B. The NUMA bus
C. The CPU bus
D. The SATA bus
E. The Auto bus

Correct Answer: D

QUESTION 4
Members of a team already have experience using Red Hat Enterprise Linux. For a small hobby project, the
team wants to set up a Linux server without paying for a subscription. Which of the following Linux distributions
allows the team members to apply as much of their Red Hat Enterprise Linux knowledge as possible?

A. Ubuntu Linux LTS
B. Raspbian
C. Debian GNU/Linux
D. CentOS
E. openSUSE

Correct Answer: D

QUESTION 5
What information can be displayed by top?

A. Existing files, ordered by their size.
B. Running processes, ordered by CPU or RAM consumption.
C. User accounts, ordered by the number of logins.
D. User groups, ordered by the number of members.
E. User accounts, ordered by the number of files.

Correct Answer: B

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Linux, Windows XP

11 ways LXLE Linux will make you forget all about XP

3 Comments

The lightweight, speedy and feature-packed LXLE 14.04 can breathe new life into your old XP hardware.

A lightweight powerhouse
Windows XP’s long run may have finally come to an end, but that doesn’t mean your XP-era hardware has to go too. No indeed: There are numerous options available in the Linux world, and one shining example is LXLE.

A brand-new LXLE 14.04 made its debut a few weeks ago, and it’s packed with new features while remaining lightweight and speedy. With an XP mode among several other desktop options, this zippy OS needs less than a minute to boot and get online. Don’t try that on your Windows machine.

Ready for a look? Read on, then, and see what your older PC hardware could be doing.

Long-term support
LXLE is based not just on Ubuntu Linux, but on Ubuntu Long-Term Support (LTS) versions in particular for maximal longevity. In the case of LXLE 14.04, the underlying Linux distribution is Ubuntu 14.04 “Trusty Tahr,” which was released in April and offers support through 2019.

More specifically, LXLE 14.04 is based on the Lubuntu variant of Ubuntu, which uses the LXDE desktop and is designed to be more lightweight than its parent in general. Both 32- and 64-bit versions of LXLE are available; the 64-bit .iso file weighs in at 1.49GB.

Windows XP Mode
As a variation on the Lubuntu Linux theme, LXLE uses an optimized LXDE user interface. It also offers several alternative desktop layout paradigms, however—all of them updated in version 14.04 and accessible at login using a drop-down menu.

Shown here is LXLE’s Windows XP paradigm, designed with refugees from Microsoft’s long-lived OS in mind. LXLE aims to provide users with “a complete drop-in-and-go replacement for XP, Vista and 7 Starter/Basic,” the project team says. Also available is a Netbook paradigm that’s essentially a variation on the XP theme.

A classic Linux option
For those with no particular allegiance to Windows XP, LXLE also offers another classic desktop paradigm, this time from the Linux world. It’s GNOME 2, specifically—the longstanding favorite of many Linux users, even as numerous more modern contenders such as Unity and GNOME 3 have arrived on the scene. Linux Mint is another distro that aims to preserve the best of GNOME 2, as can be seen in the recently released Linux Mint 17.

A hint of Apple
Extending its flexibility even further, LXLE also gives users the choice of a Mac OS X paradigm, offering the general feel of Apple’s desktop operating system. Part of the philosophy behind LXLE is to add useful mods and tweaks for improved performance and functions, the design team says. Also among its goals are to “develop a beautiful, modern-looking intuitive desktop for anyone to use easily” and to “save system resources and spend them wisely on capable, feature-rich apps.”

Emulating Ubuntu’s Unity
Yet another choice for users of LXLE, meanwhile, is a desktop paradigm that offers the feel of Ubuntu’s Unity interface. While the mobile-inspired Unity option has been a controversial one ever since it was first introduced back in 2010 in what was then Ubuntu’s Netbook Edition, it has gained a considerable number of fans as it’s been refined over the years. With a vertical application switcher called the launcher, it’s now Ubuntu’s default user interface.

Packed with work tools
In addition to its diminutive footprint and speedy performance, LXLE also offers a wide array of full-featured apps preinstalled. Among those on tap in LXLE 14.04 are the latest stable versions of the LibreOffice suite for office productivity and the Osmo personal organizer along with the Evince document viewer, FBReader for ebooks, and HomeBank for personal accounting.

Accessory apps include ClamTK for virus-scanning and security, the gedit text editor, the PCManFM file manager, and the Xarchiver archive manager.

A raft of internet apps
For connecting with the Internet, LXLE offers Mozilla’s Firefox as its default browser and Claws Mail for email. Linphone is the default VoIP client, while Gitso handles remote desktop connectivity.

Since Canonical recently shut down its Ubuntu One cloud service, LXLE 14.04 includes Bittorrent Sync instead for file syncing and sharing among multiple platforms. FileZilla offers FTP capabilities, while Pidgin and Xchat are both on hand for chat purposes. uGet is the software’s download manager.

Graphics tools galore
One of the changes made to LXLE’s suite of graphics apps in version 14.04 was that Gpicview was replaced by the Mirage image viewer “to offer more features like cropping, resizing, etc.” while providing an alternative to always using GIMP, the project team notes. GIMP is still on hand for bigger jobs, though. Other options in LXLE’s graphics toolbox are LibreOffice Draw, the Shotwell photo manager, Simple Image Reducer, and Simple Scan for scanning.

Access for all
A number of Universal Access tools were added in LXLE 14.04 to extend the software’s capabilities for users with visual or hearing impairments or physical disabilities. The Florence Virtual Keyboard, for instance, offers features such as a timer-based auto-click input method. Gespeaker, meanwhile, can play text in many languages, with settings for voice, pitch, volume, speed, and word gap. The xZoom magnification tool is also included, as are right-handed and left-handed cursor themes in various sizes.

A rich software trove
Long before app stores became commonplace in the mobile computing world, Linux users were already enjoying software repositories such as Ubuntu’s Software Center as the place to quickly and easily find new software without having to scour the Web.

LXLE users in search of software tools to add to their setup can turn to the Lubuntu Software Center, which is packed with both free and for-a-fee options. Also available are the Synaptic package manager and the Y PPA manager along with an updater tool to keep everything current.

100 Flavors of Beauty
Last but not least, LXLE 14.04 gives you more than a few ways to customize your desktop and make it your own. A full 100 wallpapers come preinstalled, in fact, pretty much guaranteeing that there will be something to please everyone.

There’s also a Random Wallpaper feature for those who like variety, and you can add your own images as well. LXLE was designed to offer theme consistency throughout system, the project team says. Included ARandR software, meanwhile, provides multiple-monitor support.

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